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Brain-computer interfaces come in two broad types: some sit on the scalp reading signals through the skull, while others are surgically placed on or in the brain tissue.
Implanted BCIs outperform scalp-based ones because electrodes sit directly on or in brain tissue, next to the neurons generating activity, recording much clearer signals. Scalp systems must read through the skull and scalp, layers that blur and weaken activity, like hearing a conversation through a thick closed door.
Implanted BCIs don't use more power, and power isn't really the relevant factor distinguishing signal quality here. They also aren't electrode-free; they use electrodes placed on or in the brain rather than on the scalp's surface.
This clearer signal comes with a trade-off: placing electrodes in the brain requires actual surgery with real medical risk, which is why non-invasive scalp systems remain attractive where perfect precision matters less than avoiding surgery.
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