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Around 2020-2021 an AI system stunned biologists by predicting the 3D shapes of nearly every known protein, cracking a problem that had stumped science for 50 years.
AlphaFold is the AI system that achieved this protein-folding breakthrough, predicting the complex 3D shapes that proteins fold into based only on their amino acid sequence, a problem that had genuinely stumped biologists for around fifty years despite decades of research effort.
Deep Blue was IBM's chess-playing computer, famous for defeating world champion Garry Kasparov in the 1990s, entirely unrelated to biology or protein structures. Watson was IBM's question-answering AI, known for winning at the trivia game Jeopardy!, also with no connection to predicting molecular shapes.
AlphaFold's creators at DeepMind released predicted structures for over 200 million proteins in a free public database, and the breakthrough was significant enough that it earned a share of the 2024 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, an unusually direct path from AI research to one of science's highest honors.
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