What is this business strategy called?

Vertical integration is when a company controls multiple stages of its own supply chain, such as producing raw materials, manufacturing, distribution, and retail, instead of depending on separate outside companies for each step. This gives the company more control over cost, quality, and supply, since it doesn't have to negotiate with or wait on outside partners for critical steps.

Outsourcing is nearly the opposite strategy, handing tasks to outside specialists rather than owning them. Franchising lets independent owners run outlets under a shared brand and playbook, which again spreads control outward rather than pulling every stage inward the way vertical integration does.

Oil companies that own everything from drilling rigs to the gas stations on your street, and tech companies that design their own chips as well as the devices those chips go into, are classic real-world examples of this strategy in action.