tech
Traditionally a carrier had to buy its radio access network gear from a single vendor as a sealed bundle. A newer movement opens the interfaces between the components.
Open RAN standardizes the interfaces between a cellular network's antennas, baseband processors, and control software, so equipment from different makers can be mixed instead of buying one sealed vendor bundle. This works through open technical specifications any company can build to, similar to how standard USB ports let devices from many brands work together.
Closed RAN and Solo RAN are not real industry terms, just invented opposites; the traditional bundled setup they gesture at is simply called proprietary RAN.
Open RAN has become geopolitically significant, offering carriers an alternative to a handful of equipment giants, which is why some governments actively fund it as a supply-chain and security matter.
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