science
The 2025 Nobel Prize in Chemistry honored three scientists for building tiny sponge-like cages from metal ions and carbon-based molecules that can store gases or clean water.
Metal-organic frameworks are built from metal ions linked by carbon-based molecules into a rigid, cage-like lattice full of tiny pores. This gives MOFs enormous internal surface area in a small volume, letting them trap or filter gas molecules far more effectively than solid materials.
Carbon nanotubes are cylinders made purely of carbon, useful for strength and electrical properties but without MOFs' porous cage structure. Silicon wafers are thin slices used in electronics, with no porous, gas-trapping structure at all.
Because some MOFs capture water vapor so well, researchers have designed versions that pull drinkable water directly out of dry desert air.
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