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A handful of countries have no permanent natural rivers at all, leaning instead on groundwater and on seawater made drinkable.
Saudi Arabia's arid climate means rainfall is so rare that no waterway there flows steadily enough year-round to count as a permanent river; instead it has wadis, dry valleys that fill briefly after occasional storms before drying up again. To meet water needs, the country depends heavily on pumping ancient aquifers and desalination plants stripping salt from seawater.
Egypt is defined by the Nile, one of the world's great permanent rivers, and Brazil is home to the Amazon and many others, making both poor answers to a question about a country with no permanent rivers.
Because groundwater in such regions was often deposited during wetter ancient climates and isn't being meaningfully replenished, relying on it raises long-term questions about sustainable water use.
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