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To pack more data into wireless signals, the newest 5G networks tap very high radio frequencies in the so-called millimeter wave band.
The main trade-off of millimeter waves is that they carry more data but travel shorter distances, since these very high radio frequencies used in the newest 5G networks pack a huge amount of bandwidth into each signal, enabling blazing-fast data speeds, but that same high frequency struggles to travel far or pass through obstacles like walls, trees, and rain.
Traveling farther but carrying less data actually describes the opposite trade-off, more typical of lower-frequency radio signals used for wider mobile coverage rather than millimeter waves. Working only deep underground is not a real limitation or characteristic of millimeter wave technology at all.
Because millimeter waves lose strength so quickly over distance and struggle with obstacles, carriers must install many small cell sites close together throughout a coverage area, a very different infrastructure approach than the widely spaced towers used for earlier, lower-frequency mobile networks.
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