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Some quantum computers encode information in single particles of light, letting them work at room temperature instead of needing extreme cooling.
The photon carries the information in photonic quantum computers. Photons are particles of light, and because they interact only weakly with their surroundings and with each other, they naturally resist the kind of environmental disturbance that scrambles other kinds of qubits. That weak interaction is a double-edged sword: it protects the fragile quantum state from noise, but it also makes it harder to get photons to interact with one another the way calculations require, one of the field's central challenges.
Neutrons are neutral particles found in atomic nuclei and are not used to encode information in these systems, while muons are short-lived, heavier cousins of the electron that decay too quickly to serve as a stable computing medium.
Because photons barely interact with matter, they can also carry quantum information down ordinary optical fiber over long distances, part of why photonic approaches are closely tied to a future quantum internet.
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