What are these chips called?

Neuromorphic chips are built to imitate the brain's own architecture, using artificial neurons and synapses that communicate through brief electrical spikes rather than the constant clock-driven pulses of a conventional processor. Because these artificial neurons only fire and consume power when they need to pass along a signal, the chip can be dramatically more energy-efficient for certain tasks than standard hardware running every circuit on every clock cycle regardless of need.

Quantum chips rely on an entirely different physical principle, encoding information in quantum states rather than brain-like spiking circuits, and graphics chips are optimized for the parallel math of rendering images, not for mimicking neural firing patterns.

A key structural idea behind neuromorphic chips is combining memory and computation in the same physical location, mirroring how brain neurons store and process information together, sidestepping the energy cost ordinary computers pay shuttling data between separate units.