What is this method of making structures layer by layer commonly called?

This method is commonly called 3D printing, or concrete printing, where a robotic nozzle extrudes a specially formulated concrete-like paste layer by layer, building up walls gradually without needing traditional wooden or metal molds to hold the shape while it sets. Because the machine follows a precise digital design, it can create curved or complex wall shapes that would be difficult and costly to achieve with conventional construction molds.

Spray molding is not a standard construction technique used for building house walls layer by layer in this way. Vacuum casting is a manufacturing process typically used for creating small precision parts under vacuum pressure, unrelated to large-scale robotic wall construction.

Beyond enabling unusual curved architectural shapes, 3D-printed construction can also significantly cut material waste compared to traditional building methods, since the nozzle deposits material only where the design actually calls for it.