tech
Instead of blasting, many modern tunnels are dug by huge cylindrical machines that grind through rock and soil while lining the walls behind them as they go.
Tunnel boring machines, commonly abbreviated TBMs, are the giant cylindrical machines used to dig these modern tunnels, featuring a rotating cutting head at the front that grinds through rock and soil while the machine simultaneously installs concrete lining segments behind it as it advances, producing a smooth, finished tunnel in a single continuous process.
Steamrollers are heavy machines used to flatten and compact road surfaces, entirely unrelated to boring through rock underground. Pile drivers hammer vertical support columns into the ground for foundations, a different construction task from carving a horizontal passage through earth.
Because tunnel boring machines create smooth, round tunnels while causing far less surface disruption than blasting or open excavation, they have become the preferred method for building subway lines and tunnels beneath densely populated cities.
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